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Proliferation of Small Arms and Light Weapons in Pakistan

The Post World War II period has witnessed an unprecedented proliferation of lethal and nonlethal weapons. The most frequent use of these sources of human destruction has caused hundreds of casualties. Unlike weapons of mass destruction these weapons are the main instruments of violence in any interior or low intensity conflict and are responsible for many deaths. Increasingly absorbed by criminals, cartels and irregular forces and in some cases by influential citizens and politicians as a demonstration of strength and political power. As a result, the militarization of crime and political conflicts are becoming serious and potentially irreversible threats.

In recent years there has been a growing trend within the activist and academic communities for the treatment of major conventional weapons and small arms and light weapons in different policy areas and study. An estimate of the global small arms production in 2002 is $ 7,400,000,000. More 1,000 companies manufacturing small arms and ammunition in nearly a hundred countries. The production control of light weapons and major conventional has historically been very difficult, due to the lack of political and economic pressures from manufacturers.

The main focus in relation to the proliferation of illegal weapons in Pakistan remains in private enterprise and not organized in Landi Kotal in Darra arms trade continues unhindered state. In addition, organized sector manufacturers are also required to sell their products to licensed gun owners is no more than about 80000-90000 in the country. This legal market makes a very small, which is adequately served by private producers. However, recent trends indicate that the estimated number of weapons in circulation is much larger than tabulated. The increase in ethno-sectarian conflict, civil war in Afghanistan, and a greater sense of insecurity arising from factors such as poor economic conditions, poor governance and deteriorating situation of law and order have raised the level of frustration and discontent. It witnessed the growing sense of apathy and social injustice has strengthened the attractiveness of small arms and light weapons. Darra and cheaper rates attracts not only non-state actors acquiring these weapons in bulk, but also a second category of buyers, such as officials, low compliance, influential politicians and gentlemen feudal and tribal peoples, who see the meeting of possessing weapons of light as a status symbol. On the other hand, governments also have exacerbated this situation by giving licenses prohibited bore weapons politicians and people influentional to earn political favor, or in pursuit of their vested interests in the arms of an (ethnic / Sectarian) and another group from time to time.

The main source of weapons proliferation and arms supplies to regional conflicts and national sector unorganized, has a production capacity of at least one hundred weapons per day. With the very sudden and dramatic end to the Afghan conflict, the following Governments Ulaq Zia proved ineffective to address this threat. Although attempted in the past, now underway, too, to curb the proliferation and indiscriminate use of small arms, which are largely an indicator of a dysfunctional state apparatus.

In Pakistan, the failure of governance, especially in regard to narcotics production and smuggling and the country's proximity to Afghanistan and its involvement in attempts to end the Soviet occupation the country have joined the intensity of a situation of law and order which was already precarious. In many cases, access to small arms has facilitated or intensification of conflicts, often by encouraging the protagonists. Consequently, the ability of firepower greater than the forces have launched against them.

Second in line are the private manufacturers to operate and produce some were not prohibited are limited in number and are concentrated mainly in the province of Punjab and Karachi. These private entrepreneurs forced to continue production of these items, either with or without market demand, due to licensing requirements. This shows efforts of a very high cost, in an attempt to cover production costs and maintain a reasonable level of profit, these manufacturers not only the use of materials of poor quality, but are also involved in the unauthorized manufacturing.

With respect to the scope of the illegal trade term should be consider the manufacture, acquisition, possession, use and stockpiling of small arms and light weapons, as these are closely linked to transfers of such weapons. The illicit trade in small arms and light weapons is closely related to an excessive and destabilizing accumulation and transfer of such weapons and therefore not limited to criminal violations of the laws in force and arms export / import control, but must consider all factors relevant. With respect to the manufacture and sale of light weapons, we can divide the domestic producers of SA / LW in Pakistan in three broad categories:

1. The state-owned sector or public enterprise

2. private manufacturers (which operate under state licensing and regulation)

3. The Bara Darra or craft gun (which is not subject to state supervision).

State / Public Company: These are mostly sector constitutes about 14 manufacturing companies in the Pak public. Ordanance Factories (POF), Wah. The variety of weapons manufactured in these factories including Heckler and Koch MP-5, G-3, A-3, MPSA-2 rifles, light anti-tank weapons, ammunition and landmines. All these items are produced under license with a mechanism very strict control and maintenance of the entire record. The elements thus generated are not only the ISO9001 certification, but also come under strict regulations export under the Decree of the order of government regulation (SRO-123/124 February 1998). Carry out the correct procedure and listing marketing purchase in the reception and the final purchase is also adequately supervised. In addition to POF, elements such as anti-tank systems and ammunition, anti-personal and anti-tank landmines, explosive devices, multi-barrel rocket launchers etc are manufactured in the Kahuta Research Laboratory (KRL), an independent entity under state control.

The POF was made a public sector company in the early 1980s redesigning the head of the POF as "President" and establishes a "Board", as part of their new states of the POF has also been given the authority to engage in gainful activities, but despite that, his client and largest principal remains the Pakistani military with new weapons, these factories ordanance maintain buffer stocks and repair services for the wear and tear normal.

From the weapons manufacturing facilities, POF is still the only team that can export their products. These exports include anti-tank ammunition, infantry and equipment sales and also catering to domestic market, but very limited. Although strict regulations are in place in the production and scale of the weapons to the agents of the State alone, there are reported incidents where guns confiscated from areas of low intensity could be traced to the POF.

So As mentioned above, income generation approach is not very relevant in this case. The point to note here is that due to limited demand, full production capacity of POF is not used properly. Thus, the factories able to produce only what is required by the main customer, the Pakistani military, and this of course is quite limited in scope given the optimum annual production capacity of ammunition that is not less than U.S. $ 70 million.

Private Brands: second in line are the private manufacturers that operate and produce some that are not prohibited bore weapons under license. The organized legal weapons manufacturers are limited in number and are concentrated mainly in the province of Punjab and Karachi. Although licensing requirements restrict manufacturers produce nothing but the exact configuration of the arms, the main incentive or motivation or motivation for private companies to generate profits is the task that has become increasingly difficult in the restricted business environment, where on one hand, these arms manufacturers are restricted by licensing regulations and on the other, no incentives are provided and are also taxed by the government

These private entrepreneurs are forced to continue the production of similar items if they have any market demand, due to licensing requirements. This effort turns out to be extremely expensive and in an effort to cover production costs, and to maintain a proportion of earnings, not only manufacturers use low quality materials but are not involved in the manufacture authorized. Consequently, many cities have few or no licensed manufacturer, but you can not find many dealers and repair licensees, because it has a money generating area better. End users in this regard are usually sub-state sectors or teams who buy these items for activities coercive.

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Bara Darra The Gun or the taking of Industry: The Darra arms bazaars and Landi Kotal Adamhel Frontier Province of northwest Pakistan are famous for the production of arms for centuries. Both are colonial and Cold War legacy, these gray areas traditional livestock relevance after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. However, illegal dealers in India are poor cousins compared with those of DAK. Darra is the heart of Pakistan's notorious arms bazaar, and it is here where you can buy virtually any small-caliber gun at a low cost: Kalashnikovs, M-16s, Uzis, and even guns hidden in walking sticks and pens. Some are original left over from the war in Afghanistan, others are copies made in sweat shops, to repair the original or copies made from parts of cannibalism. Often, the only difference between the original and made of inferior metal. Original AK-47s sell for about U.S. $ 320 but an identical copy starts at U.S. $ 50.

Darra dealers are famous for their knowledge and experience that have been passed from father to son for generations and are known for their ability to produce any type of weapon in spartan conditions. Despite these artisans have no formal technical training, which have have inherited the skills and the ability to copy and make almost any type of light weapon. Before the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979, is mainly rifles and shotguns, plus a wide range of pistols. Now they are experts in the production of exact copies of any desired light weapons within days. Have been Chinese imitations able to do laser guns and pistols view Japanese pen to the smallest of the greatest craftsmen detail.Some Darra also invented their own designs, such as a gun that works like a revolver, with a chamber holding six rounds. Unlike the previous two categories gun manufacturers, dealers Darra base their business on demand and supply and are very aware of the prevailing market trends and demand factors.

At a time that the Afghan mujahideen supplied in its fight against Soviet occupation. Now they are the main suppliers of arms to Pakistan and Kashmir provinces with problems Punjab and Sind. Darra shops' s mills offer home delivery anywhere in the country, and are also known to have sold arms to the guerrillas of Ireland North and the Middle East.

. Both a colonial legacy of the Cold War, these traditional gray areas increased importance after the invasion Soviet Afghanistan. This brought a new dimension for the manufacture of light weapons and production in this area-proliferation without cease and without measure and flow of illicit weapons and illegal. Before the Soviet incursion, Darra mainly used to produce 9 mm. rifles, shotguns and pistols ranging from .22 to .32 caliber Darra etc. The manufacturers are experts in producing very accurate copies of Kalashnikovs, rocket launchers, and even rocket launchers.

An important feature of Darra and different production units is that a company is disorganized, free from any state licensing, regulation and tax requirements. It is a part of the Province NWFP 's tribal belt where the state law was not formally accepted or applied, and the tribal authority, known as the Loya half and enforces justice, law and order. Also, the government can not do much about the sale of weapons production here, because state law does not jurisdiction over the tribal areas, even the British could not establish his car here. The government can only control the movement in the country of such weapons area, which is actually a very difficult task.

Arms buyers are attracted to the Darra, because the cost of weapons made here is relatively low compared with that weapon sectors regulated by the State and the availability of a wide variety of weapons thefts that take place both at the border. There is also in this cottage industry making primitive gun dealers to conduct innovative changes that are not possible without some level of arms bazaars in Pakistan are perhaps expertise.These The best known example of the small production of small arms. Hundreds of copies of a single production room operation of the AK-47 rifles and other guns. individual craftsmen manufacture small quantities of weapons, a pistol to take three days to produce AK-47 and seven to ten days. But since there are many hundreds sellers of such weapons, global production figures run in thousands of weapons

Small arms trade and manufacture in Pakistan:

In the case of South Asia and more specifically, Pakistan, left some very interesting aspects. The power supply of arms and the acquisition has been endless: from illicit flows, transfer or trade in local production facilities. Several countries in the region produce SA / LW in the company's state-owned sector or public person who is lawfully regulated, with India and Pakistan who have the manufacturing capacity of more developed weapons. But as such, the prevalence of acquisition LW by state security forces remains the importation or transfer of foreign technology.

Although somewhat LW have always been available in the arms bazaars in the North West Frontier Province of Pakistan, as Darra Adamkhel and Landi Kotal, the momentum and free flow of modern weapons has increased considerably after birth of the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan. The Soviet invasion in December 1979 resulted in Pakistan's proactive support to several teams committed mujahideen the fight against the forces occupationist. This effort was driven almost for their own safety, but of interest mainly on behalf of the U.S., which provided material and financial assistance to these Afghan guerrillas if Pakistan. The failure or ignorance of the government in the power of time to pay proper attention to this dangerous tendency to spiral accumulation and free flow of weapons into the hands of nonstate actors exacerbates this problem. Despite the cessation of Soviet occupation, Afghanistan remains far involved in a bitter civil war that has become very serious shadows on Pakistani civil society.

Before moving further point to be emphasized that the study weapons proliferation, an important aspect is to keep in perspective the demand and supply factor. The grounds on which suppliers and recipients to participate in Operation of arms can be mixed. Providers can be political or commercial incentives, or a combination of both. For this reason, the excessive and destabilizing accumulation and transfer of small arms are closely related to the increase in the incidence of conflict and the high level of crime and violence. It is noted that sub-state or non-state forces make extensive use of such arsenal because of its merits of easy access, storage and handling. Insurgent forces, irregular forces freedom fighters, criminal groups and sub-state actors accommodate ethnic, the religious and sectarian agenda use SA / LW by its private grounds with impunity. In general, the most disturbing aspect of these conflicts is that over 80% of casualties are civilians, not combatants, mostly women and children.

Market trends and origins of weapons proliferation in Pakistan: The main objective with respect to weapons proliferation in Pakistan remains in the unorganized private sector in Landi Kotal, where the arms trade continues without state supervision. Compared with this, as mentioned above POF mainly creates specific military munitions, the cost of production is relatively expensive. Secondly, the ammunition manufactured POF has a very limited clientele and restricted. Another contributing factor is that the POF sold only through appointed distributors.

Second, the organized sector manufacturers also are forced to sell their products only to licensed buyers. Again, this limits its marketability. The total number of licensed gun owners is not to 80000-90000 people around the country population. This makes the legal market of a very small, which is adequately served by private producers

But recent trends indicate that the estimated number of weapons in circulation is much larger than tabulated. The increase in ethno-sectarian conflict, civil war in Afghanistan and a greater sense of insecurity arising from factors such as poor economic conditions, poor governance and deteriorating law and order situation, have led to a level of frustration and discontent. Witness that this sense the increased apathy and social injustice has strengthened the attractiveness of SA / LW. Darra and cheaper rates not only attract non-state actors, who purchase these weapons in bulk, but also a second category of purchasers, as officers, agents aw enforcement, influential politicians, feudal lords and tribal peoples believe that the possession of light weapons as a status symbol. Moreover the various governments also have contributed to exacerbate this situation by giving licenses for prohibited bore weapons politicians and interest of an influential arm (ethno-sectarian) and another group from time to time.

A major source of proliferation of weapons and supplies to areas of regional and national conflict, the sector has a capacity minimum production per unit to produce a hundred weapons per day. With a very sudden and dramatic end to the Afghan conflict, the governments policy after Zia's military regime proved ineffective in addressing this threat. Despite attempts in the past and present to curb the proliferation and indiscriminate use of small arms, which are largely an indicator of a dysfunctional state apparatus.

In Pakistan, the failure of governance, especially in With regard to narcotics production and smuggling, along with the country's proximity to Afghanistan and participation in efforts to end occupation Soviet of the country has exacerbated a situation of law and order and desperate. In many cases, access to small arms has facilitated or intensification of conflicts, often by emboldening the protagonists. Consequently, the capacity of security forces has decreased with a corresponding increase in fire power enjoyed by the forces encountered against them. As for the leakage of these weapons, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan is not shared in a new era in the trade in small arms in South Asia, with millions tons of military equipment, including SA / LW, being imported into the region.

Other countries have also contributed in one way or indirect assistance material and financial. For example, China contributed to distrust Soviet-designed weapons, while Saudi Arabia came forward with financial assistance. As an ally of first line, Pakistan became the main channel of this massive military assistance program, with its superior intelligence outfit, Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), the management of the reception and distribution and the American CIA to coordinate the supply of arms. With a bitter experience of Vietnam still fresh in memory, U.S. at least initially, would not be seen as the direct military assistance to the mujahideen, and for this reason the massive amounts of weapons were purchased from the government Chinese. trends of interest could be seen in this covert arms pipeline, the CIA through acquisition of large amounts of Egypt produced anti-personnel mines directly in Italy. During this period, even as Israeli arms and makes India can also be found in circulation. The CIA is responsible for arms to be flown to Islamabad, or shipped through Oman to Karachi.

The United States orchestrated the arms shipments had a fundamental impact on the war in Afghanistan. Moreover, the autonomy given to the intelligence services of Pakistan in controlling the distribution of weapons was to have a profound effect on the security situation in the posterior region. "Hand-off" of Washington's policy of allowing the ISI for the control of the pipeline weapons was largely the product of Oakley belief that the United States had in Vietnam because of excessive government interference and mismanagement.

One factor contributing to the availability of illicit small arms and light weapons in many areas (of conflict) is your source before Cold War opponents. Much of the supply and procurement weapons in conflict areas dealt with by the United Nations has carried out by governments or legal persons authorized by the Governments. Some states have exercised insufficient control and restriction of transfers and holdings of small arms and light weapons. Moreover, arms supplies related to foreign interference in conflict areas are still a feature of current reality. In general, the supply lines are often complex and difficult to control, facilitated by the relative ease with which small arms and light weapons can be hidden.

Not surprisingly, the pipeline of arms to the mujahedeen was leaked significantly. At the moment Weapons Mujahideen came to the field commanders, who had been loaded and unloaded at least fifteen times while transported by the distance of several thousand miles in trucks, ships, trains and pack animals. How many weapons leaked from the pipe is unknown, but estimates run into millions of unknown whereabouts of the weapons. A proof of this is the explosion April1988 Ojhri metropolis camp in Rawalpindi, which killed at least 100 civilians. Although there is no official version of the research carried out came out, it is generally speculated that the explosion was designed to cover up for undelivered weapons and treasures, and there is also an important link between this incident and the Iran-Contra.

Another contributing factor, however is that the Afghans returning diminutive to their country after months or years in refugee camps in Northwest Frontier Province have left their weapons behind in Pakistan. Again, this is a reason for the proliferation of weapons. Under the Geneva Accord, it was agreed that any surplus weapons that were left out of the pipe would be delivered to Afghans, and interestingly had a frantic transfer of arms to Afghanistan, before the agreement came into force. Most of them were smuggled back into Pakistan and sold in the arms bazaars of the tribal zone.

In addition, Afghanistan has a significant number of small arms units production. The trade in these weapons is a source of income for the Afghan people devastated by war. With a long porous border that extends to the entire stretch between Pakistan and Afghanistan, along with the forces of corrupt and inefficient border control, the mechanism fails miserably in effectively monitoring and curbing the flow of arms not only, but other forms of contraband. This has made the availability of weapons in the commercial market rather high and in some cases prices have dropped, which attracts buyers from all over the country and the region to purchase weapons without a license. The different weapons for sale in this sense, can be grouped into four categories;

1. The weapons of supported lecken U.S. arms pipeline.

2. The stocks of Soviet weapons captured by the mujahideen during the conflict.

3. The third category weapon is manufactured by small-scale producers in the region.

4. Finally, the arms bazaars of non-timber forest products are full of miscellaneous weapons must have come to the region but extremely tortuous and unpredictable-Vietnam routes in the Middle East. For example, G-3 have appeared in Iran, since border controls between Iran and Pakistan were relaxed after the fall of the Shah.

Although there is no clear evidence that small arms are proliferating at an alarming rate from north to south, there are also movements from south to north of Sri Lanka, Singapore and other points of departure in Southeast Asia. Also is discernible from east to west and west-to the movements of this.

In Pakistan, not just the only Afghan crisis was instrumental in introducing the culture of arms. Another very important but relatively neglected aspect was the insurgency in Baluchistan, the 1970s, which witnessed a massive influx of weapons from the points traditional escape

There is great need for the government to take control of drug trafficking and prevent the proliferation and trafficking of arms, national, regional and in particular with the help of the international community. What will be difficult if not impossible, to implement an effective weapon to control the agenda, as Seven Stages of the current regime of De-militarization program. This 7 – step formula includes the prohibition of firearm license, and a proliferation of carrying weapons in the first stage, which took effect March 1, 2000. The other proposals or options under the plan of action to recover these illegal / unlicensed arms, cancellation of licenses of prohibited weapons and also to regulate and bring under state control arms manufacturing units in the tribal areas. The problem is so acute that there is a need to implement these policies and reforms in its true spirit. Take Darra under the umbrella of the state is an issue that governments have past and present serious deliberation. As a first step for the tribal areas were awarded the right to adult franchise as well, but the possibility that manufacturers Darra accept any state oversight or taxation seems impossible is a fact that reaction facing the government in its attempt to document and assess the economy. The government has to stay within a specified period and implement the necessary reforms, otherwise the situation could be one identified by Pamela Constable in one of his recent articles Washington Post, "Withdrawals from Pakistan in the struggle for Reform" – that is not a tendency for the Pakistani government to announce bold reforms, only to recant later, when the surfaces of the opposition.

In practice, this new policy of weapons-is face many problems, especially in the NWFP and tribal areas where it is part of local culture and tradition of carrying a gun and, in fact, also part of dress. This plan definitely discourage open display of weapons in major urban centers, but again this will not be able to resolve the problem completely.

Efforts by previous governments were insufficient, either were not properly articulated or could not address the real cause of the problem is the smuggling of weapons. Regardless of the measures only affect the manufacturers, that giving illegal trade cartels hands free to conduct their business with impunity.

Although light weapons have always traveled in Pakistan, the impact of the American-sponsored pipeline of weapons to mujahideen Afghan stands head and shoulders above any other adverse developments in recent years. The flow of weapons into the region has clearly played an important role in the erosion Low and order during the last decade. The increasing proliferation and access to small arms are increasing both communal polarization and the incidence of violence. The availability of weapons is providing a short term solution to a problem long term. At the same point when the political discourse and good governance are required to overcome these problems, the need is to channel our efforts together to combat this threat.

References

"Small arms, small arms and landmines: an" identification manual, Center for Defense
Studies of King's College London.Dec.1997.

Ayesha S. Agha, 'Manufacture of Light Weapons in Light Weapons Project, Working Paper No. 2 of BASIC.

Michael T. Klare, "broadcasts arms and global violence in the post-Cold War", in Jasjit Singh (ed) Light Weapons and International Security, New Delhi, 1995.

Chris Smith, small arms and ethnic conflicts in South Asia ", in Jeffery also Bout (ed), Lethal Commerce, Cambridge, 1995, pp.

Weapons of India and abuses in the Punjab of India and "Kashmir, Human Rights Watch Arms Project6 (10), Washington, 1994, pp ..

Ayesha S. Agha, "Manufacture light weapons in the Public and Private Sector: A Perspective from Pakistan, "Arms Project Working Paper No 2, British American Security Council Information, p.3.

, Kartha 'Tara southern Asia, an upward spiral of proliferation, "the document, Geneva: Small Arms Survey, 2000.

The 1999 Report of the UN Group of Governmental Experts on Small Arms August1999.

O Roy, "The lessons of the USSR, the war in Afghanistan," A New Delhi paper No.259, London [International Institute for Strategic Studies 1991].

About the Author

Jipson V. Paul
MA. Politics and International Relations from M G.University Kerala
MPhil. Politics and Intrrnational Relations from M G University Kerala
Doing PhD in Pondichery Cental University Puducherry.